Das Vorkommen der für Mensch und Tier essentiellen Aminosäuren in Vitalzonen (Aktivzonen) und in Speichergeweben einiger niederen und höheren Pflanzen

Zusammenfassung Eine Auswertung von etwa 15 000 mikrobiologischen Bestimmungen von essentiellen Aminosäuren (EAS) in Nahrungspflanzen bzw. deren Teilorganen und anatomisch differenzierten Zonen ergaben biochemische Zusammenhänge, die zu folgenden Schlüssen führten:Die bisher auf die menschliche Nahrung und das tierische Futter beschränkten Begriffe, essentielle Aminosäuren und EAS-Index nachB. L. Oser, die somit termini technici der Human- und Tierernährung darstellen, bedürfen einer Erweiterung auf die Pflanze, da die für das Tier lebensnotwendigen Aminosäuren nach unseren Befunden auch eine analoge Bedeutung für die Lebensfunktionen der Pflanze besitzen.In bestimmten pflanzlichen Gewebezonen, in denen Zellteilungen oder andere für das Leben der Pflanze entscheidend wichtige Prozesse ablaufen, findet sich eine im Verhältnis zum Rohprotein günstige Anreicherung essentieller Aminosäuren, die wiederum zu einer hohen Biologischen Eiweißwertigkeit führt, ausgedrückt als EAS-Index nachB. L. Oser, während andere Zonen, z.B. Speichergewebe, nur niedrige EAS-Indices aufweisen.Aus diesem Grunde wird vorgeschlagen, solche mit Vitalprozessen verknüpften pflanzlichen Gewebezonen zur besseren Kennzeichnung ihrer ernährungsphysiologischen Bedeutung für Mensch und Tier Vitalzonen oder — gemäß einem Vorschlag vonJ. Kisser, Wien — Aktivzonen zunennen.Beweise für die Richtigkeit der Überlegungen, die zu dieser Benennung führen, werden durch ein umfangreiches Untersuchungsmaterial geliefert.

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Summary About 15 000 microbiological determinations of essential amino acids (EAA) in food plants respectively in their different organs and in differentiated zones (as regard anatomy) showed biochemical relations, which lead us to the following conclusions:Untill present notions as Essential Amino Acids and the EAA-Index (B. L. Oser) are termini technici of human and animal nutrition. They are restricted to the metabolism of men and animals. According to our investigations those notions have to be extended, as the essential amino acids — essential for men and animals — are obviously essential for life function in plants too.In certain zones of plant tissue, where cell division or other active processes, important for plant life, take place, we find a favorable increase of essential amino acids, leading to a high biological value of proteins (EAA-Index according toB. L. Oser), while other zones, e.g. storage tissues, have only a low EAA-Index.In order to better mark the signification (as regard human nutrition) we propose to call those active plant tissues showing a high EAA-Index: Vitalzonen (vitalzones) oder — according toJ. Kisser-Wien — Aktivzonen (active zones).An extensive experimental material justifies the accuracy of our deduction and the necessity of the new term.

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Résumé Environ 15 000 dosages microbiologiques des acides aminés essentiels (EAA) dans les plantes alimentaires, dans leurs organes ou dans les zones anatomiques différenciées ont donné des relations biochimiques qui ont abouti aux conclusions suivantes:Jusqu'à présent les notions acides aminés essentiels et Indice d'amino acides selonB. L. Oser (les deux comme termini technici de l'alimentation des hommes et des animaux) sont limitées à la nourriture de l'homme et au fourrage des animaux. Mais nos travaux expérimentaux montrent que cette notion doit être étendue aux plantes puisque les acides aminés essentiels sont également essentiels pour les fonctions vitales des plantes.Dans certains tissue végétaux dans lesquels se produisent les divisions cellulaires, ou dans les zones qui sont très importantes pour les opérations du métabolisme végétal, on trouve une augmentation favorable des acides aminés essentiels, par rapport à la protéine brute. Cette augmentation amène une haute valeur biologique des protéines (Indice selonB. L. Oser), tandis que d'autres zones (par exemple les tissus de réserve) n'ont qu'une valeur biologique faible.C'est pourquoi nous nous proposons — pour bien marquer leur importance nutritive — de nommer ces tissus vitaux — qui dirigent le métabolisme végétale: Vitalzonen (zones vitales) ou selonJ. Kisser-Wien: Aktivzonen (zones actives).Notre opinion se fonde sur un ensemble considérable de données experimentales.

     

The "Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut": past, present and future of research in infectious diseases of animals

The Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, founded in 1910 by Friedrich Loeffler, the discoverer of the first animal virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, is the oldest virological research facility in the world. Beyond viruses, its area of competence has significantly expanded since its foundation and now also covers bacterial, parasitic and prion diseases of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. Presently located at four sites within Germany (Insel Riems, Jena,Tübingen,Wusterhausen) the tasks of the institute as delineated in the Animal Disease Act encompass research on infectious animal diseases including zoonoses, import/export examinations, epidemiological studies in case of outbreaks of notifiable animal diseases, acting as reference laboratory for notifiable animal diseases and nationwide quality management of diagnosis of notifiable animal diseases. It is obliged to publish and maintain up-to-date diagnostic regimes for notifiable animal diseases, and it publishes a yearly report on animal health in Germany. With the increasing importance of infectious diseases of animals, in particular those potentially harmful to man (zoonoses), the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut will be moving into new facilities including laboratories and animal facilities up to the highest biosafety level at its main site Insel Riems on the occasion of its 100th anniversary.     

Nylon cable band reactions in ovariohysterectomized bitches.

Nylon cable bands used as ligatures caused postsurgical complications in 5 ovariohysterectomized bitches. Clinical signs included fever, stiffness, strangury, draining fistulae, vaginal discharge, and tenesmus. Most signs first appeared several years after surgery, and all signs were resolved after removal of the bands. On the basis of our experience, we suggest that nylon cable bands not be used for ovariohysterectomy ligations.     

Immune-mediated disorders of cats

Immune-mediated disorders in cats share many clinical and pathologic similarities with their counterparts in other species. Cats, however, are unique among domestic animals owing to the involvement of feline leukemia virus. In addition, a number of other infectious organisms can produce immune-mediated sequelae--that is, FIP virus, FeSFV, and H. felis. Therefore, the diagnostic and therapeutic aims in the management of feline immune-mediated disorders must take into account the probability of a primary or underlying disease process.     

Cauda equina compression syndrome (CECS): retrospective study of surgical treatment with partial dorsal laminectomy in 86 dogs with lumbosacral stenosis

We report our results of partial lumbosacral laminectomy for treatment of canine Cauda equina Compression Syndrome due to a lumbosacral stenosis. Opposite to conventional techniques of dorsal laminectomy, only widening of the Spatium interarcuale is performed. This is achieved by exstirpation of the Lig. flavum and partial dorsal laminectomy of the first sacral segment. The Proc. spinosi and integrity of facet joints are fully maintained by this technique. In 96.5% of 86 dogs treated with this method relief of dorsal pressure and permanent rapid regression of clinical symptoms was achieved. In two cases recurrence of clinical symptoms was observed during follow up and one case showed no improvement at all. In conclusion partial dorsal laminectomy is a minimal invasive technique for treatment of Cauda equina compression syndrome expressed by pain reaction accompanied by minor neurological deficits caused by lumbosacral stenosis. Maintained spinal stability allows short reconvalescence and the unrestricted use of dogs immediately post operation.     

Determination of 2-alkylcyclobutanones with electronic impact and chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in irradiated foods

The use of a column containing 60 g of silica gel for cleanup and the use of isobutane as a reactant reagent for chemical ionization-mass spectrometric analysis of the saturated and monounsaturated alkyl side-chain 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs; specifically induced by irradiation from fat in foods until the proof of contrary) has improved both the sensibility and the selectivity of the method when applied for the detection of irradiated foods. The quality of the chromatograms obtained was improved, allowing the detection of food samples (avocados) irradiated at low doses (0.1 kGy) or irradiated ingredients included in low proportions (less than 5%, wt/wt) in nonirradiated culinary foods. These analytical modifications for the detection of 2-ACBs on the official EN 1785 method enable an extension of its current field of application using common equipment of food quality control laboratories.